Soccer
In the sport of rugby league, many of the biomechanical principles used in the conversion place kick can be applied to the soccer penalty kick. For example, the place kick involves a proximal to distal sequencing (also known as the summation of speed principle) in order to achieve maximal ball speed which involves maximising velocity of the foot before it comes into contact with the ball surface (Zhang, Liu & Shenquan 2011). Similarly when a penalty shot is taken during a soccer match, the kickers main focus is to obtain maximal ball speed by using a summation of speed model to generate as much force to impart on the ball as possible. Given that both kicking types use similar features to generate force, it can be assumed that they both can have Newton’s First and Second Law applied to investigate force generation. Secondly, like rugby league place kicks, soccer penalty kicks involve a sequence of motions that include an initial address to the ball, planting of the support leg for balance and striking the ball with the instep of the preferred foot. While the patterns of the rugby league place kick and the soccer penalty kick show similarities, the difference in the ball shapes, tee support and release angles allow the rugby league place kick to maintain a more unique technique than the soccer penalty kick. Furthermore, given the difference in ball shape and release angle the effects of air resistance and drag could not be accurately compared for similar outcomes.
In the sport of rugby league, many of the biomechanical principles used in the conversion place kick can be applied to the soccer penalty kick. For example, the place kick involves a proximal to distal sequencing (also known as the summation of speed principle) in order to achieve maximal ball speed which involves maximising velocity of the foot before it comes into contact with the ball surface (Zhang, Liu & Shenquan 2011). Similarly when a penalty shot is taken during a soccer match, the kickers main focus is to obtain maximal ball speed by using a summation of speed model to generate as much force to impart on the ball as possible. Given that both kicking types use similar features to generate force, it can be assumed that they both can have Newton’s First and Second Law applied to investigate force generation. Secondly, like rugby league place kicks, soccer penalty kicks involve a sequence of motions that include an initial address to the ball, planting of the support leg for balance and striking the ball with the instep of the preferred foot. While the patterns of the rugby league place kick and the soccer penalty kick show similarities, the difference in the ball shapes, tee support and release angles allow the rugby league place kick to maintain a more unique technique than the soccer penalty kick. Furthermore, given the difference in ball shape and release angle the effects of air resistance and drag could not be accurately compared for similar outcomes.
American Football
Aside from Canadian football, rugby
league is the most similar sport to American football given their shared origin
(Britain). Both sports make use of the place kick in order to score points
after a try or touchdown has been scored. Similarly, the dynamics of the ball
shape and size are considerably alike, with only one centimetre difference in
length and four centimetres in circumference. Unlike rugby league and soccer,
rugby league and American football can be compared in terms of air resistance
and projection angle during a place kick given the similarities of the ball and
the use of a tee or mound to hold the ball in place. Additionally, the American football place kick
uses the same three phases as the rugby league place kick showing that they
biomechanics of the skill are highly applicable to each other.
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